Validation of the Spanish version of the Childhood Executive Functioning Inventory (CHEXI) in 4-5 year-old children

Contexto:El Childhood Executive Functioning Inventory (CHEXI) se diseñó para detectar déficit de Funciones Ejecutivas (FE) en contextos de la vida diaria.El propósito del presente estudio era validar la versión española del CHEXI para niños de 4 y 5 años. Método:Se obtuvie-ron las valoraciones de los padres y las puntuaciones en test de laboratorio en una muestra de 445 niños de 4 años (196 niñas, 249niños) yotra de 459 niños de 5 años (208 niñas, 251 niños). Un año más tarde se volvieron a re-coger las valoraciones de los padres en CHEXI. Resultados:Se replicó la es-tructura de dos factores de CHEXI(Memoria de Trabajo e Inhibición), ob-teniendo una alta consistencia interna y estabilidad temporal. Los niños de 4 años eran valorados con mayor déficit en FE que los niños de 5 años. Los niños alcanzaban puntuaciones más elevadas de déficit de FE. Sin em-bargo, no aparecieron diferencias significativas de géneroen las pruebas conductuales. Finalmente, se encontró una baja asociación entre las valora-ciones de CHEXI y las puntuaciones de las pruebas conductuales. Este re-sultado sugiere que los inventarios y las medidas conductuales evalúan dife-rentes aspectos de las FE.Conclusiones:La versión española de CHEXI ofrece un instrumento válido para evaluar las FE en niños de 4 y 5 años.(AU)

Background:The Childhood Executive Functioning Inventory (CHEXI) was designed to identify EF deficits in daily life contexts.The aim of the present study was to validate the Spanish version of the CHEXI in 4-5-year-old children.Method: Parents’ ratings of the CHEXI and labora-tory tests of EF were investigated in two large samples of 445 children aged 4 years (196 girls, 249 boys)and 459 children aged 5 years (208 girls, 251 boys). CHEXI ratings were collected again after one-year. Results:The two-factor structure of the CHEXI (i.e., Working Memory and Inhibition) was replicated, showing high internal consistency and temporal stability. The 4-year-olds were reported to have higher EF deficits than 5-year-olds have. Boys were rated as having higher EF deficits than girls were. Howev-er, gender differences were not significant contrasting performance on EF tasks. Finally, associations between CHEXI ratings and EF tests were weak, suggesting that EF tests and EF ratings capture different aspects of EF. Conclusions:The Spanish CHEXI provides a suitable instrument to as-sess EF in 4-5-year-old children.(AU)

L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria: clinical, neuroimaging, and neuropathological findings.

BACKGROUND: l-2-Hydroxyglutaric aciduria is a rare, infantile-onset, autosomal recessive organic aciduria affecting exclusively the central nervous system. To our knowledge, only 1 complete report of the neuropathological findings in an adult has been published. OBJECTIVE: To present the clinical, neuroimaging, and neuropathological findings of l-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria. DESIGN: Case report. SETTING: Complexo Hospitalario de Pontevedra, Pontevedra, Spain. PATIENT: A 15-year-old boy who had early infantile-onset progressive psychomotor regression, mild choreodystonia affecting the distal part of the upper limbs, pyramidal signs, and epilepsy. RESULTS: The diagnosis of l-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria was confirmed by the finding of highly elevated levels of l-2-hydroxyglutaric acid in the serum, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid. The neuroimaging findings showed striking confluent subcortical white matter lesions and minimal basal ganglia (pallidum, thalamic, and putaminal) abnormalities. The patient died of a spontaneous mesenteric thrombosis. The postmortem neuropathological findings showed spongiosis and cystic cavitations in subcortical white matter, with minimal abnormalities of the basal ganglia. The dentate nucleus, a structure usually affected in neuroimaging studies, showed minimal neuronal loss but was surrounded by important spongiosis and microvacuolation with astrocytic proliferation. CONCLUSIONS: This case reaffirms that l-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria is a spongiform type of leukoencephalopathy with cystic cavitations predominating in the subcortical areas. Although the neuroimaging findings are highly characteristic of the disease, in this patient cerebellar abnormalities were minimal and dentate signal abnormalities were not present.

MR imaging findings of neurosarcoidosis of the gasserian ganglion: an unusual presentation.

We report the MR imaging findings of an unusual case of neurosarcoidosis of the gasserian ganglion associated with trigeminal neuralgia. No other neurological or extraneurological localization was found. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a mass in the Meckel's diverticulum that was isointense on T1-weighted images and hypointense on T2-weighted images. Gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging showed heterogeneous enhancement. Although rare, sarcoid infiltration of the gasserian ganglion must be considered in the differential diagnosis of an isolated mass in this localization in patients with trigeminal neuralgia.

Estudio comparativo tecnico economico sobre traccion a vapor diesel electrica y diesel hidraulica en el ferrocarril Yacuiba-Santa Cruz

CONTENIDO: Caracteristicas de la via, descripcion de la zona, estimacion de la produccion agricola, ganadera forestal y minera. Estimacion de la caraga y pasajeros a transportar. Adeherencia y resistencia del tren al movimiento. Resistencias propias en traccion a vapor. Resistencias propias en traccion diesel electrica y diesel hidraulica, velocidad de equilibrio. Cupla curvas caracteristicas, motor generador, motores de traccion en traccion diesel electrica, curvas caracteristicas entraccion diesel hidraulica. Tabla de tonelajes, tonales en funcion de la pendiente. Analsis del rendimiento en los sistemas de traccion. Consumo de combustible en los sistemas considerados. balances termico de combustible. Potencias en las llantas de las locomotoras, en el gancho, potencia maxima permitida por la adherencia. Talleres de preparacion, depositos de alistamiento. Gastos e inversiones. Gastos anuales de explitacion mas interees y depreciaciones. conclusiones.